The main reasons for the popularity of vertical jumps is their ease of use, high reliability of mechanical outputs, and similarity between jumping movement patterns and some athletic skills ( Yamauchi & Ishii, 2007 Nagahara et al., 2014). The vertical jump has been the task most commonly used to assess the FVP profile of lower-body muscles ( Jiménez-Reyes et al., 2014 Samozino et al., 2014 García-Ramos et al., 2017). The assessment of the linear force–velocity relationship has been used to identify the maximal mechanical capabilities of the muscles involved to generate high level of force (through the theoretical maximal force, F 0), to generate force at very high velocity (through the theoretical maximal velocity, v 0), and to produce maximal power ( P max). However, it should be noted that squat 1RM, jump height achieved against a single load, or sprint times did not provide comprehensive information about the muscular determinants of performance compared to the entire force–velocity–power (FVP) continuum/spectrum ( Morin & Samozino, 2016). (2014) that showed a very large significant relationship ( r = −0.77) between the changes in squat one repetition maximum (1RM) and sprint times.
![g force gymnastics g force gymnastics](https://usagym.org/images/publications/facesinthegym/2012/dec_26.jpg)
These results are supported by the meta-analysis of Seitz et al.
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An increase in overall lower limb strength after different types of resistance training has also proven to be effective to enhance sprint performance in different populations, ranging from physically active but not trained subjects to professional athletes ( Blazevich & Jenkins, 2002 Loturco et al., 2015 Ramírez-Campillo et al., 2015). These studies generally revealed significant correlations between the performance in traditional jump tests (e.g., squat jump (SJ) and countermovement jump) and sprinting performance. Previous studies have investigated the extent to which jumping tests could predict sprint performance and how sprint and jump performances were correlated ( Cronin, Ogden & Lawton, 2007 Randell et al., 2010 Comfort et al., 2013). Therefore, the performance in jumping (i.e., jump height) and sprinting (i.e., time to run a given distance) mainly depends on the ability of athletes’ neuromuscular and osteo-articular systems to (i) generate high levels of force, (ii) ensure the effective application of this force onto the environment (i.e., supporting ground) and (iii) produce this effective force at high contraction velocities ( Morin & Samozino, 2016). Maximal power output is a widely accepted muscular determinant of jumping and sprinting performance, which is determined by both force and velocity production capabilities ( Samozino et al., 2012, 2016). Therefore, we recommend the assessment of the FVP profile both in jumping and sprinting to gain a deeper insight into the maximal mechanical capacities of lower-body muscles, especially at high and elite levels. The low correlations generally observed between jumping and sprinting mechanical outputs suggest that both tasks provide distinctive information regarding the FVP profile of lower-body muscles. Overall, results showed a decrease in the magnitude of the correlations for higher-level athletes. Correlations coefficient between the same mechanical variables obtained from the vertical and horizontal modalities ranged from −0.12 to 0.58 for F 0, −0.31 to 0.71 for v 0, −0.10 to 0.67 for P max, and −0.92 to −0.23 for the performance variables (i.e, SJ height and sprint time). The vertical and horizontal FVP profile (i.e., theoretical maximal values of force ( F 0), velocity ( v 0), and power ( P max)) as well as main performance variables (unloaded SJ height in jumping and 20-m sprint time) were measured.
![g force gymnastics g force gymnastics](http://g-forcegymnastics.com/wp-content/gallery/photos/image-2.jpg)
Participants performed squat jumps (SJ) against multiple external loads (vertical) and linear 30–40 m sprints (horizontal). A total of 553 participants (333 men, 220 women) from 14 sport disciplines and all levels of practice participated in this study. This study aimed (i) to explore the relationship between vertical (jumping) and horizontal (sprinting) force–velocity–power (FVP) mechanical profiles in a large range of sports and levels of practice, and (ii) to provide a large database to serve as a reference of the FVP profile for all sports and levels tested.